Les nanotubes de carbones appliqués au cancer

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Introduction

Les nanotubes de carbone (NTCs) ont été découverts en 1991 par Sumio Iijima au Japon [1]. Ils sont constitués de minces feuilles d'atomes de carbone cycliques (benzène) enroulé sous forme d'une structure tubulaire maintenues ensemble par des réactions de Van Der Waals [1]. Cette nouvelle structure appartient à la famille des fullerènes, la troisième forme allotropique de carbone en même temps que le graphite et le diamant.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
Les NTCs sont en général produits par trois techniques principales: ablation par arc électrique (EAD), ablation par laser (LAB) et par dépôt chimique en phase vapeur (CVD) [2].

Sur la base de leur structure, les NTCs peuvent être classés en deux catégories générales :

– Les nanotubes de carbone mono-feuillet (SWNT) : forment un mono-feuillet de graphène enroulé sur lui-même et fermé à ses deux extrémités par une demi-sphère qui se compose d’une couche de graphène cylindrique.

– Les nanotubes de carbones multi-feuillets (MWNT) : constitués de plusieurs feuillets de graphènes enroulés les uns autour des autres [3].

Les NTCs présentent une très grande rigidité qui est comparable à celle de l’acier, un poids ultraléger, une grande conductivité électrique, ainsi qu’une stabilité thermique et chimique avec un diamètre de l’ordre du millionième de millimètre [4].

Les NTCs sont devenus parmi des matériaux les plus étudiés au cours des deux dernières décennies. Leurs propriétés uniques laissent entrevoir de nombreuses applications dans les domaines de la microélectronique, des matériaux, de l’énergie etc.

Au cours des 18 dernières années, les NTCs sont devenus un outil populaire dans le diagnostic et la thérapie du cancer.

Dans ce dossier, nous allons faire un recueil non exhaustif de références (bibliographies et webographies) sur les nanotubes de carbone : découverte, structure, synthèse, propriétés et applications médicales des NTCs dans le diagnostic et le traitement du cancer y compris dans l'administration des médicaments, la thérapie photothermique,  la thérapie photodynamique et la thérapie génique.

 

 

Références

1-      S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature 354 (1991) 56–58.

2-      Bilu Liu, Qingfeng Liu, Wencai Ren, Feng Li, Chang Liu, Hui-Ming Cheng, Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, their ropes and books
Comptes Rendus Physique, Volume 11, Issues 5–6, June–July 2010, Pages 349-354

3-      Ahmad Aqel, Kholoud M.M. Abou El-Nour, Reda A.A. Ammar, Abdulrahman Al-Warthan, Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterisation, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 1-23

4-      S.K. Smart, A.I. Cassady, G.Q. Lu, D.J. Martin, The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes, Carbon, Volume 44, Issue 6, May 2006, Pages 1034-1047

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La découverte des Nanotube de Carbones (NTCs)

 

Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon

 

 

Article

S. Iijima

Nature 354, Année 1991

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Abstract

 

The synthesis of molecular carbon structures in the form of C ₆₀ and other fullerenes has stimulated intense interest in the structures accessible to graphitic carbon sheets. Here I report the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes. Produced using an arc-discharge evaporation method similar to that used for fullerene synthesis, the needles grow at the negative end of the electrode used for the arc discharge. Electron microscopy reveals that each needle comprises coaxial tubes of graphitic sheets, ranging in number from 2 up to about 50. On each tube the carbon-atom hexagons are arranged in a helical fashion about the needle axis. The helical pitch varies from needle to needle and from tube to tube within a single needle. It appears that this helical structure may aid the growth process. The formation of these needles, ranging from a few to a few tens of nanometres in diameter, suggests that engineering of carbon structures should be possible on scales considerably greater than those relevant to the fullerenes.

Article en ligne : www.me.berkeley.edu/~lwlin/me138/paper1.pdf

 

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La structure des NTCs

 

Narrow (n,m)-Distribution of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Grown Using a Solid

Supported Catalyst

Article

S.M. Bachilo, L. Balzano, J.E. Herrera, F. Pompeo, D.E. Resasco, B.Weisman.Narrow (n,m)- Journal American Chemical Society, 2003 

Abstract

 

Unusually structure-selective growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been attained using a CVD method with a solid supported catalyst. In this method, CO feedstock disproportionates on silica-supported catalytic nanoclusters of Co that are formed in situ from mixed salts of Co and Mo. The nanotube products are analyzed by spectrofluorimetry to reveal distributions resolved at the level of individual (n,m) structures. Two structures together dominate the semiconducting nanotube distribution and comprise more than one-half of that population. The average diameter of produced SWNTs is only 0.81 nm, and a strong propensity is found favoring chiral angles near the armchair limit.

 

Article en ligne : www.eng.uwo.ca/people/jherrera/journal7.pdf

 

Carbon Nanotube-Perovskite-Composites as New Electrode Material 

Article

Weidenkaff, Stefan G. Ebbinghaus, Thomas Lippert, Macarena J. Montenegro,

Material Research Society, Année 2002 

Abstract

In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterisation of La1-xAxCoO3 (A= Ca, Sr) (0 < x < 0,5) of different morphologies using pulsed laser deposition, ceramic methods and alternative soft-chemistry techniques.Furthermore the potential use of a La1-xCaxCoO3 /carbon nanotube composite material for oxygen electrodes isdiscussed.

 

Document en ligne: http://materials.web.psi.ch/Publications/Publ_MatDev_files/Anke_MRS_spring2002.pdf

http ://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/seti-civilisations-avancees2.htm

 

 

Polymers containing fullerene or carbon nanotube structures

Article

Changchun Wang, Zhi-Xin Guo, Shoukuan Fu, Wei Wu, Daoben Zhu. Polymers containing fullerene or carbon nanotube structures

Journal Progess in Polymer Science

ISSN  : 00796700 ; Année : 2004 

 

Abstract

This review deals with recent progress in studies of polymeric covalent and noncovalent modifications of fullerenes (mainly C60) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their applications. By using functional polymers to react with fullerenes, or synthesizing polymers in the presence of fullerenes, various kinds of polymeric fullerenes can be prepared: side-chain polymers, main-chain polymers, dendritic fullerenes, star-shaped polymers, fullerene end-capped polymers, etc. Furthermore, by controlling the functional groups in polymer chains and reaction conditions, many well-defined fullerene polymers have been prepared. ‘Living’ polymerization methods have also been introduced for preparation of fullerene polymers, e.g. anionic polymerization, iniferter technique, stable free radical polymerization, and atom-transfer free-radical polymerisation. With these living methods, both the architecture of the fullerene polymers and the grafted polymer chains can be well-controlled. All of these methods establish a good platform for developing applications of fullerene polymers. The synthesis of polymeric CNTs is only in its infancy. However, present results show promise that the combination of the unique properties of CNTs with functional polymers will lead to novel materials with unusual mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Doping of polymeric systems with fullerenes in is also a very important research area, especially for preparation of electronic and optical materials. Both conducting and conventional polymers can be used as matrices in the preparation of functional composites. The structures and properties of these composites are strongly dependent on the properties and concentrations of the active components. CNT-doped polymers have also been prepared and show interesting properties. The combination of the unique properties of fullerenes and CNTs with polymers makes these materials potential candidates for many applications, such as data storage media, photovoltaic cells and photodiodes, optical limiting devices, photosensitive drums for printers, and so on.The applications of polymeric fullerenes and CNTs are also reviewed in this article.

 

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Structure and superconductivity of MgB2–carbon nanotube composites

 

Article

Wei J. ; Li Y.; Xu C.; Wei B.; Wu D.

Materials Chemistry and Physics; Année 2003

Abstract

It has been reported thatMgB2 lost its superconductivity when doped with 40 at.% Al. Here, we report on the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the structure and superconductivity of MgB2–CNTs composites. The lattice parameters of MgB2 with 10 at.% CNTs are a = 0.30815 nm and c = 0.35322 nm, slightly different from those of the pure MgB2, which indicates that carbon atoms may have substituted boron atoms inMgB2. The transition temperature of the samples decreases as the CNTs content increases. However, the samples added with about 40 at.% CNTs still have a transition temperature of 24 K. When added with bulk CNTs (between 20 and 40 at.%), the samples present a semiconductor behavior in the high-temperature region (above 40 K) and have superconductivity at low temperatures (below 32 K).

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Formation and atomic structure of carbon mini-nanotube

Article

Oku, Takeo; Hatakeyama, Rikizo; Hirata, Takamichi; Sato, Noriyoshi,

 Physica B: Condensed Matter 

ISSN: 09214526 Année: 2002 

Abstract

High-resolution images showed the formation of a nanotube with a diameter of 0.5nm on the carbon layers. An optimized structure model for the carbon ‘‘mini-nanotube’’ C180 was proposed, which indicates that a cap of the ‘‘mininanotube’’ would be formed from C36 structure. The distortion of the mini-nanotube would be mitigated by the carbon surface..

 

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Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterization

 

Article

Ahmad Aqel, Kholoud M.M. Abou El-Nour, Reda A.A. Ammar, Abdulrahman Al-Warthan,

Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Année 2012

Abstract

Since their discovery in 1991 by the Japanese scientist ‘‘Sumio Iijima’’, carbon nanotubes have been of great interest, both from a fundamental point of view and for future applications.

Different types of carbon nanotubes can be produced in various ways. Economically feasible large-scale production and purification techniques are still under development. Carbon nanotubes are discussed in this review in terms of history, types, structure, synthesis and characterisation methods. Carbon nanotubes have attracted the fancy of many scientists worldwide. The unique and unusual properties of these structures make them a unique material with a whole range of promising applications.

 

Disponible à l’IMIST

 

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La synthèse des NTCs

 

Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter

 

Article

S Iijima, T Ichihashi,

Nature, Année 1993

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Abstract

 

Carbon nanotubes¹ are expected to have a wide variety of interesting properties. Capillarity in open tubes has already been demonstrated, while predictions regarding their electronic structure^6-8 and mechanical strength⁹ remain to be tested. To examine the properties of these structures, one needs tubes with well defined morphologies, length, thickness and a number of concentric shells; but the normal carbon-arc synthesis yields a range of tube types. In particular, most calculations have been concerned with single-shell tubes, whereas the carbon-arc synthesis produces almost entirely multi-shell tubes. Here we report the synthesis of abundant single-shell tubes with diameters of about one nanometre. Whereas the multi-shell nanotubes are formed on the carbon cathode, these single-shell tubes grow in the gas phase. Electron diffraction from a single tube allows us to confirm the helical arrangement of carbon hexagons deduced previously for multi-shell tubes¹.

 

Indisponible

 

Carbon nanotubes, science and technology part (I) structure, synthesis and characterisation

 

Article

 

Ahmad Aqel, Kholoud M.M. Abou El-Nour, Reda A.A. Ammar, Abdulrahman Al-Warthan,

 

Arabian Journal of Chemistry

 

 ISSN: 18785352 ;  Année: 2012 

 

Abstract

Since their discovery in 1991 by the Japanese scientist ‘‘Sumio Iijima’’, carbon nanotubes have been of great interest, both from a fundamental point of view and for future applications. Different types of carbon nanotubes can be produced in various ways. Economically feasible large-scale production and purification techniques are still under development. Carbon nanotubes are discussed in this review in terms of history, types, structure, synthesis and characterisation methods. Carbon nanotubes have attracted the fancy of many scientists worldwide. The unique and unusual properties of these structures make them a unique material with a whole range of promising applications.

 

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Synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, their ropes and books

Article

 

Bilu Liu, Qingfeng Liu,  Wencai Ren, Feng Li,Chang Liu,  Hui-Ming Cheng

Comptes Rendus PhysiquE. Année 2010 

 

Abstract:

The carbon nanotube (CNT) is a model system of one-dimensional nanomaterials, which shows numerous unique properties and vast potential applications. The synthesis and assembly of high-quality CNTs are the basis for studies of their properties and applications. In this contribution, we briefly review our works on the controlled synthesis of singlewalled CNTs (SWCNTs) and double-walled CNTs via floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition and arc-discharge methods. The in situ assembly of such CNTs into ordered macrostructures with various dimensions including ropes, films, and buckybooks are also presented. Finally, we introduced our recent findings on metal-catalyst-free growth of SWCNTs.

 

 

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Cobalt-catalysed growth of carbon nanotubes with single-atomic-layer walls

Article

D S Bethune, C H Kiang, M S DeVries, G Gorman, R Savoy, R Beyers,

Nature, Année 1993

 

 

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Abstract

Carbon exhibits a unique ability to form a wide range of structures. In an inert atmosphere it condenses to form hollow, spheroidal fullerenes. Carbon deposited on the hot tip of the cathode of the arc-discharge apparatus used for bulk fullerene synthesis will form nested graphitic tubes and polyhedral particles. Electron irradiation of these nanotubes and polyhedra transforms them into nearly spherical carbon 'onions'⁹. We now report that covaporizing carbon and cobalt in an arc generator leads to the formation of carbon nanotubes which all have very small diameters (about 1.2 nm) and walls only a single atomic layer thick. The tubes form a web-like deposit woven through the fullerene-containing soot, giving it a rubbery texture. The uniformity and single-layer structure of these nanotubes should make it possible to test their properties against theoretical predictions.

 

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Synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nano-necklaces by thermal plasma process

Article

Okuno, H. --- Grivei, E. --- Fabry, F. --- Gruenberger, T.M. --- 
Journal: Carbon 

ISSN: 00086223 Année: 2004 

Abstract

High-yield syntheses of peculiar carbon nanotubes and carbon ‘necklace’-like morphologies have been obtained using a sophisticated thermal plasma technology. This method is based on a thermal plasma, which vapourizes the carbonaceous precursor in the presence of metal catalyst. Electron microscopy analyses provide evidences for a ‘stacked-cup’ structure for the carbon nanotubes. Carbon nano-‘necklaces’ are constituted by the repetition of multi-wall carbon spheres, connected alongone direction in a ‘bell’-like structure, and containingfrequently an encapsulated metal particle. Microscopic growth mechanisms are also proposed to interpret both syntheses. Due to their intriguing topology, these new carbon nanotubes and necklaces may find important applications in nano-technology.

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Synthesis of double-walled carbon nanotubes from coal in hydrogen-free atmosphere

Article

Qiu,J. --- Wang,Z. --- Zhao,Z. --- Wang,T. 
Journal Fuel 

ISSN: 00162361 Année: 2007 

 

Abstract

Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) were synthesized from coal in large quantity by arc-discharge method in hydrogen-free atmosphere, which were systematically examined using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that the as-synthesized DWNTs have an outer diameter of 1.0–5.0 nm with an interlayer spacing in the tube walls of ca. 0.41 nm. The possible mechanism involved in the formation process of DWNTs is proposed and discussed in term of the unique chemical composition of coal and the process parameters adopted in the study.

 

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The synthesis of carbon nanotubes from Muller clusters

 

Article

Edgar, K. --- Spencer, J.L. 
Journal: Current Applied Physics 

ISSN: 15671739 Année : 2006 

 

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes may be synthesised by chemical vapour deposition over supported Mu¨ ller clusters. A variety of both clusters and high surface area support materials were investigated. Molybdenum-only Mu¨ ller clusters catalyse the synthesis of very limited amounts of multi-walled nanotubes whereas iron–molybdenum Mu¨ ller clusters catalyse the synthesis of single-walled nanotubes when supported on alumina or magnesia.

 

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A green precursor for carbon nanotube synthesis

Article

Paul, S. --- Samdarshi, S.K. 
Journal: Carbon 

ISSN: 00086223 Année: 2011

Abstract:

The present work aims to explore a natural renewable precursor for the synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), conforming to the principles of green chemistry. MWCNTs were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using a natural renewable precursor (coconut oil). Nitrogen gas was used as an inert atmosphere as well as a carrier for the evaporated precursor (flow rate: 100 mL/min). The synthesized MWCNTs are characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron dispersive X-ray analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. The diameters of the synthesized nanotubes are in the range of 80 nm to 90 nm under optimum conditions.

 

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Les propriétés des NTCs

 

The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes

 

Article

Smart,S.K. --- Cassady,A.I. --- Lu,G.Q. --- Martin,D.J. 
Journal: Carbon 

ISSN: 00086223 Année: 2006 

 

Abstract:

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are well-ordered, high aspect ratio allotropes of carbon. The two main variants, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) both possess a high tensile strength, are ultra-light weight, and have excellent chemical and thermal stability. They also possess semi- and metallic-conductive properties. This startling array of features has led to many proposed applications in the biomedical field, including biosensors, drug and vaccine delivery and the preparation of unique biomaterials such as reinforced and/or conductive polymer nanocomposites. Despite an explosion of  research into potential devices and applications, it is only recently that information on toxicity and biocompatibility has become available. This review presents a summary of the performance of existing carbon biomaterials and gives an outline of the emerging field of nanotoxicology, before reviewing the available and often conflicting investigations into the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of CNT. Finally, future areas of investigation and possible solutions to current problems are proposed.

 

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High power density supercapacitor electrodes of carbon nanotube films by

electrophoretic deposition

Article

Chunsheng Du and Ning Pan

Nanotechnology 17, Année 2006

 

Abstract

Carbon nanotube thin films have been successfully fabricated by the electrophoretic deposition technique. The supercapacitors built from such thin film electrodes have a very small equivalent series resistance, and a high specific power density over 20 kW kg−1 was thus obtained. More importantly, the supercapacitors showed superior frequency response. Our study also demonstrated that these carbon nanotube thin films can serve as coating layers over ordinary current collectors to drastically enhance the electrode performance, indicating a huge potential in supercapacitor and battery manufacturing.

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Hydrothermally enhanced photoluminescence of carbon nanoparticles

 

Article

Tian, L. - Song, Y. --- Chang, X. --- Chen, S. 
Journal: Scripta Materialia 

ISSN: 13596462 Année: 2010 

 

Abstract

Luminescent carbon nanoparticles were prepared from natural gas soot. The photoluminescence was found to be enhanced more than 10-fold when the particles were subjected to hydrothermal treatment between 200 and 340 _C for up to 15 h. This was accounted for by the effective removal of quinone moieties from the particle surface. Consistent results were obtained from UV– visible, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electrochemical measurements. The correlation may be exploited for controlled manipulation

of nanoparticle optoelectronic properties

 

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Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: Chemistry, processing,mechanical and electrical properties

Article 

Spitalsky, Z. --- Tasis, D. --- Papagelis, K. --- Galiotis, C. 
Journal: Progress in Polymer Science

 ISSN: 00796700 Année: 2010  

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes have long been recognized as the stiffest and strongest man-made material known to date. In addition, their high electrical conductivity has roused interest in the area of electrical appliances and communication related applications. However, due to their miniscule size, the excellent properties of these nanostructures can only be exploited if they are homogeneously embedded into light-weight matrices as those offered by a whole series

 

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Pull-out simulations on interfacial properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced polymer nanocomposites

Article

Li, Y. --- Liu, Y. --- Peng, X. --- Yan, C. --- et al.

Journal: Computational Materials Science

ISSN: 09270256 Année: 2011 

Abstract

A series of pull-out simulations of carbon nanotube (CNT) has been carried out to investigate the interfacial properties between CNT and polymer matrix for two-phase CNT/polymer nanocomposites with only consideration of van der Waals (vdW) interaction. The effects of nanotube length, diameter, and wall number on the pull-out processes are studied for the first time, which indicates that the pull-out force related to interfacial properties is independent of nanotube length, but is proportional to nanotube diameter.Instead of the conventional constant assumption with uniform distribution, the corresponding interfacial shear stress is found to be distributed at each end of the embedded CNT within the range of 1 nm, which is very close to the cut-off distance of vdW interaction. These characteristics for the interfacial properties between CNT and polymer matrix are surprisingly coincident with those among nested wall in a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). Moreover, the saturated surface energy density in CNT/ polymer nanocomposites is very close to the previous reports, which indicates the effectiveness of the present simulation.

 

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Electrical and thermal properties of polyamide 12 composites with hybrid fillers systems of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon black

Article 

Socher, R.--- Krause, B. --- Hermasch, S. --- Wursche, R. --- et al. 
Journal: Composites Science and Technology

 ISSN: 02663538; Année : 2011 

Abstract

Hybrid filler systems of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon black (CB) were incorporated into two types of polyamide 12 (PA12) using small-scale melt mixing in order to identify potential synergistic effects on the interaction of these two electrical conductive fillers. Although no synergistic effects were observed regarding the electrical percolation threshold, at loadings well above the percolation threshold higher volume conductivities were obtained for samples containing both, MWCNT and CB, as compared to single fillers. This effect was more pronounced when using a higher viscous PA12 matrix.

The formation of a co-supporting network can be assumed. The combined use of CB and MWCNTs improved the macrodispersion of MWCNT agglomerates, which can be assigned as a synergistic effect. DSC measurements indicated an effect of the nanofiller on crystallisation temperatures of PA12; however this was independent of the kind or amount of the carbon nanofiller.

 

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Influence of different carbon nanotubes on the electrical and mechanical properties of melt mixed poly(ether sulfone)-multi walled carbon nanotube composites

 

Article
Sourav Chakrabortya Jürgen Piontecka,Beate Krausea; Susanta Banerjee; Brigitte Voit

Composites Science and Technology; Année 2013

 

Abstract

Commercial Udel_ poly(ether sulfone) (PSU) was filled with three different commercially available multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by small scale melt mixing. The MWCNTs were as grown NC 7000 and two of its derivatives prepared by ball milling treatment. One of them was unmodified (NC 3150); the other was amino modified (NC 3152). The main difference beside the reactivity was the reduced aspect ratio of NC 3150 and NC 3152 caused by ball milling process. All PSU/MWCNT composites with similar filler content were prepared under fixed processing conditions and comparative analysis of their electrical and mechanical properties were performed and were correlated with their microstructure, characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A non-uniform MWCNT dispersion was observed in all composites. The MWCNTs were present in form of agglomerates in the size of 10–60 lm whereas the deagglomerated part was homogeneously distributed in the PSU matrix. The differences in the agglomeration states correlate with the variations of properties between different PSU/MWCNT composites. The lowest electrical percolation threshold of 0.25–0.5 wt.% was observed for the shortened non-functionalized MWCNT composites and the highest for amine-modified MWCNT composites (ca. 1.5 wt.%). The tensile behavior of the three composites was only slightly altered with CNT loading as compared to the pure PSU. However, the elongation at break showed a reduction with MWCNT loading and the reduction was least for composite with best MWCNT dispersion.

 

 

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Synthesis and field emission property of carbon nanotubeswith sharp tips

Article

Yan-li Zhang, Li-li Zhang, Peng-xiang Hou, Hua Jiang, Chang Liu, Hui-ming Cheng,

New Carbon Materials, Année 2011

 

 

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with sharp tips were synthesized by a hydrogen arc discharge method. Three unusual morphologies, i.e., a cone-shaped tip, a suddenly-shrinking tip, and a pencil point-like tip were observed. These novel tip structures are considered to be related to the addition of a small amount of silicon powder in the raw material, which may introduce structural defects in the CNTs. The field emission property of the sharp-tip CNTs was investigated, and a low threshold electric field of 3.75 V/m, a high field emission current density of ~1.6×105 A/cm2, and a good emission stability were demonstrated. The superior field emission performance of the CNTs can be attributed to their good crystallinity and unique tip structures.

 

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Les outils de diagnostic basés sur les NTCs

 

Complementary detection of prostate-specific antigen using In ₂O₃ nanowires and carbon nanotubes

 

Article

C. Li, M. Curreli, H. Lin, et al.,

 J. Am. Chem. Soc. Année 2005

 

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Abstract

We report complementary detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using n-type In₂O₃ nanowires and p-type carbon nanotubes. Our innovation involves developing an approach to covalently attach antibodies to In₂O₃ NW surfaces via the onsite surface synthesis of phosphonic acid-succinylimide ester. Electronic measurements under dry conditions revealed complementary response for In₂O₃ NW and SWNT devices after the binding of PSA. Real-time detection in solution has also been demonstrated for PSA down to 5 ng/mL, a benchmark concentration significant for clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer, which is the most frequently diagnosed cancer.

 

Indisponible

 

 

Carbon nanotube amplification strategies for highly sensitive immunodetection of cancer biomarkers

 

Article

 

X. Yu, B. Munge, V. Patel, et al.,

J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 Année 2006

Journal American Chemical  Society, Année 2006

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Abstract

We describe herein the combination of electrochemical immunosensors using single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) forest platforms with multi-label secondary antibody-nanotube bioconjugates for highly sensitive detection of a cancer biomarker in serum and tissue lysates. Greatly amplified sensitivity was attained by using bioconjugates featuring horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labels and secondary antibodies (Ab ₂) linked to carbon nanotubes (CNT) at high HRP/Ab ₂ ratio. This approach provided a detection limit of 4 pg mL ^-1 (100 amol mL ^-1), for prostate specific antigen (PSA) in 10 μL of undiluted calf serum, a mass detection limit of 40 fg. Accurate detection of PSA in human serum samples was demonstrated by comparison to standard ELISA assays. PSA was quantitatively measured in prostate tissue samples for which PSA could not be differentiated by the gold standard immunohistochemical staining method. These easily fabricated SWNT immunosensors show excellent promise for clinical screening of cancer biomarkers and point-of-care diagnostics.

 

Disponible sur le web:

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2482602/

 

 

Label-free immunosensor for prostate-specific antigen based on single-walled carbon nanotube array-modified microelectrodes.

 

Article

Okuno, J. --- Maehashi, K. --- Kerman, K. --- Takamura, Y.

Journal: Biosensors and Bioelectronics 

ISSN: 09565663 Année: 2007 

 

Abstract

We have fabricated a label-free electrochemical immunosensor using microelectrode arrays modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Label-free detection of a cancer marker, total prostate-specific antigen (T-PSA), was carried out using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The current signals, derived from the oxidation of tyrosine (Tyr), and tryptophan (Trp) residues, increased with the interaction between T-PSA on T-PSA-mAb covalently immobilized on SWNTs. The selectivity of our biosensor was challenged using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the target protein. The detection limit for T-PSA was determined as 0.25 ng/mL. Since the cut-off limit of T-PSA between prostate hyperplasia and cancer is 4 ng/mL, the performance of our label-free electrochemical immunosensor seems promising for further clinical applications.

 

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A novel amperometric immunosensor based on layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles-multi-walled carbon nanotubes-thionine multilayer films on polyelectrolyte surface

 

Article

Chaofeng Ou, Ruo Yuan,  Yaqin Chai, Mingyu Tang,   Rong Chai,  Xiulan He

Journal: Analytica Chimica Acta 

ISSN: 00032670 Année: 2007 

 

 

Abstract

A highly sensitive and label-free amperometric immunosensor has been developed for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes-thionine (MWNTs-THI) and chitosan (CHIT) on 3-mercaptopropanesulfonic, sodium salt (MPS)-modified gold electrode surface by electrostatic adsorption. The stepwise LBL assembly process of electroactive species on electrode surface was characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) in PBS. The factors influencing the performance of the resulting immunosensor were studied in detail. The morphologies of MWNTs, MWNTs-THI and GNPs-MWNTs-THI-CHIT were further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The immunosensor was highly sensitive to CEA with a detection limit of 0.01 ng mL ^-1 (signal/noise ratio of 3) and the linear range with two concentration intermittences was from 0.5 to 15.0 ng mL ^-1 and from 15.0 to 200.0 ng mL ^-1, respectively. In addition, the prepared immunosensor could be regenerated 10 times with 5 M urea solution. When the immunosensor was stored at 4 °C and measured intermittently (every 4-6 days), no apparent change was found over 3 months. The immunosensor system showed an excellent reproducibility and stability

 

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An amperometric immunosensor for separation-free immunoassay of CA125 based on its covalent immobilization coupled with thionine on carbon nanofiber.

Article

Wu,L. --- Yan,F. --- JuH. 
Journal: Journal of Immunological Methods

ISSN: 00221759 Année: 2007  

Abstract

A carbon nanomaterial, soluble carbon nanofiber, was used for the first time to construct an immunosensor for a rapid separation-free immunoassay. The acidic oxidation of the carbon nanofiber provided its solubility and wettability for convenient preparation of a porous carbon nanofiber membrane and a larger number of active sites for covalent binding of carcinoma antigen-125 (CA125) and thionine as electron transfer mediator. This matrix was a suitable environment for the immobilized protein. The immobilized HRP-labeled immunoconjugate showed good enzymatic activity for the oxidation of thionine by hydrogen peroxide. With a competitive mechanism, the differential pulse voltammetric peak current of this system decreased linearly with increasing CA125 concentration (from 2 to 75 U/ml) in the incubation solution. The CA125 immunosensor showed good precision, high sensitivity, acceptable stability and reproducibility with a detection limit of 1.8 U/ml. The soluble carbon nanofiber is a novel method for preparation of immunosensors.

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Layer-by-layer self-assembled multilayer films of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and platinum-Prussian blue hybrid nanoparticles for the fabrication of amperometric immunosensor

 

 

Article

C.F. Ou, S.H. Chen, R. Yuan, et al.,

Journal Electroanal. Chemestry Année 2008

 

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Abstract

A label-free amperometric immunosensor for the detection of α-fetoprotein (AFP) based on the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of positively charged multi-walled carbon nanotubes-chitosan (MCNTs-CS) and negatively charged platinum-Prussian blue hybrid nanoparticles (Pt-PB) on 3-mercaptopropanesulfonic, sodium salt (MPS) modified electrode is described in this paper. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to characterize the morphologies of Pt-PB and Pt-PB-MCNTs-CS. The stepwise LBL assembly process of electroactive species on electrode surface was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The immunosensor shows good analytical performance such as low detection limit (0.08 ng ml^-1), wide linear range (from 0.1 to 15.0 and from 15.0 to 200.0 ng ml^-1), good regeneration, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility for the determination of AFP. Application of the immunosensor to clinical samples demonstrated that results were in good agreement with ELISA.

 

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Poly-L-lysine/hydroxyapatite/carbon nanotube hybrid nanocomposite applied for piezoelectric immunoassay of carbohydrate antigen 19-9.

 

Article

Y.J. Ding, J. Liu, X.Y. Jin, et al.,

Analyst 133 Année 2008

 

Abstract

Hybrid composites are of special scientific interest for biochemical applications wherein the abilities to modulate the morphology and property of the hybrid material are important. In this paper, the formation of poly-L-lysine/hydroxyapatite/carbon nanotube (PLL/HA/CNT) hybrid nanoparticles is described and a general design strategy for an immunosensing platform has been proposed on the basis of PLL/HA/CNT nanocomposite adsorption of antibodies. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) used as a model transducer and the detection performances of the resulting immunosensor were investigated by use of the immuno-system of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), an important indicator in the diagnosis of clinical cancers. The hybrid nanocomposite was characterized by the transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectrum measurements. The frequency response characteristics for the processes of immobilization and immunoreaction of anchored anti-CA19-9 antibodies were studied in detail. It was found that the developed sensing interface has some advantages such as the activation-free immobilization and the high antigen-binding activities of antibodies. The as-prepared immunosensor can allow for the determination of CA19-9 in the concentration range of around 12.5-270.0 U ml(-1). Such an interface design with the hybrid nanocomposite should be tailored as a new alternative used for biosensor design.

 

Indisponible

 

Les outils de traitement basés sur les NTCs

 

Application des NTCS dans l’administration des médicaments

 

Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as rationally designed vehicles for tumor-targeted drug delivery

 

Article

J.Y. Chen, S.Y. Chen, X.R. Zhao

Journal: American  Chemical Society; Année 2008

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Abstract

A novel single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-based tumor-targeted drug delivery system (DDS) has been developed, which consists of a functionalized SWNT linked to tumor-targeting modules as well as prodrug modules. There are three key features of this nanoscale DDS: (a) use of functionalized SWNTs as a biocompatible platform for the delivery of therapeutic drugs or diagnostics, (b) conjugation of prodrug modules of an anticancer agent (taxoid with a cleavable linker) that is activated to its cytotoxic form inside the tumor cells upon internalization and in situ drug release, and (c) attachment of tumor-recognition modules (biotin and a spacer) to the nanotube surface. To prove the efficacy of this DDS, three fluorescent and fluorogenic molecular probes were designed, synthesized, characterized, and subjected to the analysis of the receptor-mediated endocytosis and drug release inside the cancer cells (L1210FR leukemia cell line) by means of confocal fluorescence microscopy. The specificity and cytotoxicity of the conjugate have also been assessed and compared with L1210 and human noncancerous cell lines. Then, it has unambiguously been proven that this tumor-targeting DDS works exactly as designed and shows high potency toward specific cancer cell lines, thereby forming a solid foundation for further development

 

Disponible sur le web: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2888730/

 

Triple functionalisation of single-walled carbon nanotubes with doxorubicin, a monoclonal antibody, and a fluorescent marker for targeted cancer therapy

 

Article

 Heister, E. --- Neves, V. --- Tilmaciu, C. --- Lipert, K. --- et al,

Journal Carbon, Année 2009

 

 

Abstract

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been identified as a transporter for anticancer drugs, as they are capable of penetrating mammalian cell membranes and allow for a high drug loading due to their nanoscale dimensions and high aspect ratio. In addition, they can assist the targeting of therapeutic agents to the desired site of action by conjugation to antibodies or ligands of cancer cell surface receptors, which increases the effectiveness of the treatment and reduces side effects. In this work, we present a method for the triple functionalisation of oxidised SWCNTs with the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin, a monoclonal antibody, and a fluorescent marker at non-competing binding sites. The proposed methodology allows for the targeted delivery of the anti-cancer drug to cancer cells and the visualisation of the cellular uptake of SWCNTs by confocal microscopy. We show that the complex is efficiently taken up by cancer cells with subsequent intracellular release of doxorubicin, which then translocates to the nucleus while the nanotubes remain in the cytoplasm.

 

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Targeted killing of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro with EGF-directed carbon nanotube-based drug delivery.

 

Article

A.A. Bhirde, V. Patel, J. Gavard, et al.,

ASC NANO 3 Année 2009

 

 

Abstract

Carbon nanotube-based drug delivery holds great promise for cancer therapy. Herein we report the first targeted, in vivo killing of cancer cells using a drug-single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) bioconjugate, and demonstrate efficacy superior to nontargeted bioconjugates. First line anticancer agent cisplatin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were attached to SWNTs to specifically target squamous cancer, and the nontargeted control was SWNT-cisplatin without EGF. Initial in vitro imaging studies with head and neck squamous carcinoma cells (HNSCC) overexpressing EGF receptors (EGFR) using Qdot luminescence and confocal microscopy showed that SWNT-Qdot-EGF bioconjugates internalized rapidly into the cancer cells. Limited uptake occurred for control cells without EGF, and uptake was blocked by siRNA knockdown of EGFR in cancer cells, revealing the importance of EGF-EGFR binding. Three color, two-photon intravital video imaging in vivo showed that SWNT-Qdot-EGF injected into live mice was selectively taken up by HNSCC tumors, but SWNT-Qdot controls with no EGF were cleared from the tumor region in <20 min. HNSCC cells treated with SWNT-cisplatin-EGF were also killed selectively, while control systems that did not feature EGF-EGFR binding did not influence cell proliferation. Most significantly, regression of tumor growth was rapid in mice treated with targeted SWNT-cisplatin-EGF relative to nontargeted SWNT-cisplatin.

 

Disponible sur le web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665730/

 

Targeted single-wall carbon nanotube-mediated Pt(IV) prodrug delivery using folate as a homing device

 

Article

S. Dhar, Z. Liu, J. Thomale, et al.,

J. Am. Chem. Soc. Année 2008

 

Abstract

Most low-molecular-weight platinum anticancer drugs have short blood circulation times that are reflected in their reduced tumor uptake and intracellular DNA binding. A platinum(IV) complex of the formula c, c, t-[Pt(NH 3) 2Cl 2(O 2CCH 2CH 2CO 2H)(O 2CCH 2CH 2CONH-PEG-FA)] ( 1), containing a folate derivative (FA) at an axial position, was prepared and characterized. Folic acid offers a means of targeting human cells that highly overexpress the folate receptor (FR). Compound 1 was attached to the surface of an amine-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT-PL-PEG-NH 2) through multiple amide linkages to use the SWNTs as a "longboat delivery system" for the platinum warhead, carrying it to the tumor cell and releasing cisplatin upon intracellular reduction of Pt(IV) to Pt(II). The ability of SWNT tethered 1 to destroy selectively FR(+) vs FR(-) cells demonstrated its ability to target tumor cells that overexpress the FR on their surface. That the SWNTs deliver the folate-bearing Pt(IV) cargos into FR(+) cancer cells by endocytosis was demonstrated by the localization of fluorophore-labeled SWNTs using fluorescence microscopy. Once inside the cell, cisplatin, formed upon reductive release from the longboat oars, enters the nucleus and reacts with its target nuclear DNA, as determined by platinum atomic absorption spectroscopy of cell extracts. Formation of the major cisplatin 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) cross-links on the nuclear DNA was demonstrated by use of a monoclonal antibody specific for this adduct. The SWNT-tethered compound 1 is the first construct in which both the targeting and delivery moieties have been incorporated into the same molecule; it is also the first demonstration that intracellular reduction of a Pt(IV) prodrug leads to the cis-{Pt((NH 3) 2} 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) cross-link in nuclear DNA.

 

Disponible sur le web: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2536766/

  

Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery.

 

Article

Z. Liu, X.M. Sun, N. Nakayama-Ratchford, H.J. Dai,

ACS NANO Année  2007

 

Abstract

We show that large surface areas exist for supramolecular chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) prefunctionalized noncovalently or covalently by common surfactant or acid-oxidation routes. Water-soluble SWNTs with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalization via these routes allow for surprisingly high degrees of pi-stacking of aromatic molecules, including a cancer drug (doxorubicin) with ultrahigh loading capacity, a widely used fluorescence molecule (fluorescein), and combinations of molecules. Binding of molecules to nanotubes and their release can be controlled by varying the pH. The strength of pi-stacking of aromatic molecules is dependent on nanotube diameter, leading to a method for controlling the release rate of molecules from SWNTs by using nanotube materials with suitable diameter. This work introduces the concept of "functionalization partitioning" of SWNTs, i.e., imparting multiple chemical species, such as PEG, drugs, and fluorescent tags, with different functionalities onto the surface of the same nanotube. Such chemical partitioning should open up new opportunities in chemical, biological, and medical applications of novel nanomaterials.

 

Indisponible

 

 

Tumor targeting with antibody-functionalized, radiolabeled carbon nanotubes.

Article

M.R. McDevitt, D. Chattopadhyay, B.J. Kappel1, J.S. Jaggi1, S.R. Schiffman1, C.

Antczak1, J.T. Njardarson, R. Brentjens1, D.A. Scheinberg,

Journal Nucl. Med. Année 2007

Abstract

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) are mechanically robust graphene cylinders with a high aspect ratio that are comprised of sp(2)-bonded carbon atoms and possessing highly regular structures with defined periodicity. CNT exhibit unique mechanochemical properties that can be exploited for the development of novel drug delivery platforms. We hypothesized that novel prototype nanostructures consisting of biologics, radionuclides, fluorochromes, and CNT could be synthesized and designed to target tumor cells.

 

Indisponible 

Drug Delivery with Carbon Nanotubes for In vivo Cancer Treatment

Article

Z. Liu, K. Chen, C. Davis, S. Sherlock, Q.Z. Cao, X.Y. Chen, H.J. Dai,

Cancer Research; Année 2008

 

Abstract

Chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) have shown promise in tumor-targeted accumulation in mice and exhibit biocompatibility, excretion, and little toxicity. Here, we show in vivo SWNT drug delivery for tumor suppression in mice. We conjugate paclitaxel (PTX), a widely used cancer chemotherapy drug, to branched polyethylene glycol chains on SWNTs via a cleavable ester bond to obtain a water-soluble SWNT-PTX conjugate. SWNT-PTX affords higher efficacy in suppressing tumor growth than clinical Taxol in a murine 4T1 breast cancer model, owing to prolonged blood circulation and 10-fold higher tumor PTX uptake by SWNT delivery likely through enhanced permeability and retention. Drug molecules carried into the reticuloendothelial system are released from SWNTs and excreted via biliary pathway without causing obvious toxic effects to normal organs. Thus, nanotube drug delivery is promising for high treatment efficacy and minimum side effects for future cancer therapy with low drug doses.

 

Disponible sur le web : http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/16/6652.full.pdf+html

 

 

Targeted delivery and controlled release of doxorubicin to cancer cells using modified single wall carbon nanotubes.

Article

 

X.K. Zhang, L.J. Meng, Q.H. Lu, et al.,

Journal: Biomaterials

ISSN: 01429612 Année: 2009 

 

Abstract

A targeted drug delivery system that is triggered by changes in pH based on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), derivatized with carboxylate groups and coated with a polysaccharide material, can be loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The drug binds at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and is only released at a lower pH, for example, lysosomal pH and the pH characteristic of certain tumor environments. By manipulating the surface potentials of the modified nanotubes through modification of the polysaccharide coating, both the loading efficiency and release rate of the associated DOX can be controlled. Folic acid (FA), a targeting agent for many tumors, can be additionally tethered to the SWCNTs to selectively deliver DOX into the lysosomes of HeLa cells with much higher efficiency than free DOX. The DOX released from the modified nanotubes has been shown to damage nuclear DNA and inhibit the cell proliferation.

 

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Magnetic lymphatic targeting drug delivery system using carbon nanotubes

Article

F. Yang, D.L. Fu, J. Long, et al.,

Journal: Medical Hypotheses 

ISSN: 03069877 Année: 2008 

 

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Abstract

By controlling size, nanoparticles can be effectively taken up into lymphatics. On this basis, various nanoparticles have been investigated for transporters of chemotherapeutic pharmaceuticals, but only a few were retained in the draining lymph node. Here, we present a technology using a magnetic carbon nanotubes (MNTs) delivery system, and it may be possible to facilitate the targeted delivery of drugs in the lymphatic tissue more effectively. Chemotherapeutic agents were incorporated into the pores of functionalized MNTs synthesized with a layer of magnetite nanoparticles on the inner surface of the nanotubes. To improve drug delivery to cancer cells in the lymph nodes, individualized MNTs were noncovalently functionalized by folic acid (FA). By using an externally placed magnet to guide the drug matrix to the regional targeted lymph nodes, the MNTs can be retained in the draining targeted lymph nodes for several days and continuously release chemotherapeutic drugs. Selective killing of tumor cells overexpressing the folate receptors (FRs) in the lymph nodes can be achieved, as FR is overexpressed across a broad spectrum of human tumors.

 

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Hydrophilic multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with magnetite nanoparticles as lymphatic targeted drug delivery vehicles.

 

Article

D. Yang, F. Yang, J.H. Hu, et al.,

Chem. Commun. Année 2009

 

 

Abstract

Hydrophilic multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with magnetite nanoparticles were readily taken up into lymph vessels and delivered gemcitabine to lymph nodes with high efficiency under the guidance of a magnetic field.

 

Indisponible

 

Preparation of biocompatible multi-walled carbon nanotubes as potential tracers for sentinel lymph nodes

 

Article

J.J. Li, F. Yang, G.Q. Guo, et al.,

Polymer International; Année 2010

 

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are capable of traversing cellular membranes by endocytosis and are therefore promising materials for use in imaging and drug delivery. Unfortunately, pristine CNTs are practically insoluble and tend to accumulate inside cells, organs and tissues. To overcome the poor dispersibility and toxicity of pristine CNTs, hydrophilic functionalization of CNTs has been intensively investigated. Water-soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylic acid in a poor solvent for poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The solvent type influenced the grafted density and chain length of PAA. MWCNTs with a high grafted density of PAA (22 wt%) could be well dispersed in water, NaCl aqueous solution (0.9 wt%) and cell culture media. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these MWCNTs for endothelial cells is reasonably low even at high concentration of PAA-g-MWCNT (70 µg mL⁻¹). The experimental results show that the biocompatibility of these MWCNTs is sufficient for biological applications. PAA-g-MWCNTs were successfully utilized for lymph node tracing. Experimental results suggest that PAA-g-MWCNTs have potential to be used as a vital staining dye, which may simplify the identification of lymph nodes during surgery.

 

Idisponible

 

Carbon nanotubes as multifunctional biological transporters and near-infrared agents for selective cancer cell destruction.

Article

 Kam Nadine Wong Shi --- O&apos;Connell Michael --- Wisdom Jeffrey A. --- Dai Hongjie 

 Physical Sciences Chemistry Année 2005

 

Abstract

Biological systems are known to be highly transparent to 700- to 1,100-nm near-infrared (NIR) light. It is shown here that the strong optical absorbance of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in this special spectral window, an intrinsic property of SWNTs, can be used for optical stimulation of nanotubes inside living cells to afford multifunctional nanotube biological transporters. For oligonucleotides transported inside living cells by nanotubes, the oligos can translocate into cell nucleus upon endosomal rupture triggered by NIR laser pulses. Continuous NIR radiation can cause cell death because of excessive local heating of SWNT in vitro. Selective cancer cell destruction can be achieved by functionalization of SWNT with a folate moiety, selective internalization of SWNTs inside cells labeled with folate receptor tumor markers, and NIR-triggered cell death, without harming receptor-free normal cells. Thus, the transporting capabilities of carbon nanotubes combined with suitable functionalization chemistry and their intrinsic optical properties can new lead to classes of novel nanomaterials for drug delivery and cancer therapy.

 

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Applications des NTCs en thérapie photothermique

 

Photothermal effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the viability of BT-474 cancer cells

 

Article

Hung-Tao Chou, Tsung-Pao Wang, Chi-Young Lee, Nyan-Hwa Tai, Hwan-You Chang,

Journal: Materials Science & Engineering C

 ISSN: 09284931 Année: 2013

Abstract

Functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) were conjugated to an antibody of BT-474 cancer cells (f-MWCNTs-ab), and the photothermal effect of the f-MWCNTs-ab for BT-474 cancer cell destruction was demonstrated. After near-infrared irradiation, the f-MWCNTs-ab were more capable of killing cancer cells and possessed higher cell specificity than f-MWCNTs. Quantitative results showed that the viability of the cancer cells was affected by the concentration of the f-MWCNTs-ab solution, irradiation time, and settling time after irradiation. The membrane impermeable fluorescence dye ethidium bromide was used to detect cell viability after near-infrared irradiation, and the results agreed with those obtained from the Alamar Blue cell viability assay. The EtBr fluorescence results suggest that the cell membrane, attached to f-MWCNTs-ab, was damaged after irradiation, which led to cell death and necrosis. Using confocal microscopy, a few f-MWCNTs-ab were detected in the cell, indicating the endocytosis effect. The results not only explain the improved efficiency of thermotherapy but also indicate that necrosis may result from protein denaturation attributing to the heated f-MWCNTs-ab in the cell.

 

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Optimization of surface chemistry on single-walled carbon nanotubes for in vivo photothermal ablation of tumors

 

Article

 

Xiaowen Liu, Huiquan Tao, Kai Yang, Shuai Zhang, Shuit-Tong Lee, Zhuang Liu,

Journal: Biomaterials

 ISSN: 01429612 Année: 2011

 

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes have shown great potential in various areas of biomedicine. Herein, we synthesize a series of amphiphilic polymers by anchoring polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different lengths at various densities on poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMHC18). The blood circulation and biodistribution of those PEG-PMHC18-coated SWNTs in mice after intravenous injection are measured by an established Raman spectroscopy method. It is found that heavily PEGylated SWNTs with ultra-long blood circulation half-lives, although shows high uptake in the tumor, tend to accumulate in the skin dermis. A surface coating which affords SWNTs a blood half-life of 12e13 h appears to be optimal to balance the tumor-to-normal organ (T/N) uptake ratios of nanotubes in major organs. Using the selected SWNT conjugate, we then carry out a pilot in vivo photothermal therapy study and observe a promising cancer treatment efficacy. Our results highlight the importance of surface coating to the in vivo behaviors of nanomaterials in general and could provide guidelines to the future design of SWNT bioconjugates for various in vivo applications.

 

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Antitumor immunologically modified carbon nanotubes for photothermal therapy

 

Article

Zhou, F. --- Wu, S. --- Song, S. --- Chen, W.R. ---  Resasco, D.E. --- Xing, D.,

Journal: Biomaterials 

ISSN: 01429612 Année: 2012

Abstract

An immunologically modified nanotube system was developed using an immunoadjuvant, glycated chitosan (GC), as surfactant of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs). This SWNT-GC system not only retained both optical properties of SWNTs and immunological functions of GC, but also could enter cells due to the carrier properties of SWNTs. Cellular SWNTs induced thermal destruction of tumor cells when irradiated by a near-infrared laser and, at the same time, cellular GC could serve both as damage associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) and pathogen associated molecular pattern molecules (PAMPs) to enhance the tumor immunogenicity and enhance the uptake and presentation of tumor antigens, leading to special antitumor response. Using this system and a 980 nm laser, we treated tumors, both in vitro and in vivo, and investigated the induced thermal and immunological effects. Laser þ SWNTGC afford a remarkable efficacy in suppressing tumor growth in animal cancer models, in many cases resulting in complete tumor regression and long-term survival. Mice successfully treated by Laser þ SWNT-GC could establish resistance to tumor rechallenge. This system forms a multifunctional temporal-spatial continuum, which can synergize photothermal and immunological effects. The Laser þ SWNT-GC could represent a promising treatment modality to induce systemic antitumor response through a local intervention, while minimizing the adverse side effects.

 

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In vivo near-infrared mediated tumor destruction by photothermal effect of carbon nanotubes.

Article

H.K. Moon, S.H. Lee, H.C. Choi,

ACS NANO 3 Année 2009

 

Abstract

The photothermal therapy using nanomaterials has been recently attracted as an efficient strategy for the next generation of cancer treatments. Single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) is an upcoming potent candidate for the photothermal therapeutic agent since it generates significant amounts of heat upon excitation with near-infrared light (NIR, lambda = 700-1100 nm) which is transparent to biological systems including skins. Such a photothermal effect can be employed to induce thermal cell death in a noninvasive manner. Here, we demonstrate in vivo obliteration of solid malignant tumors by the combined treatments of SWNTs and NIR irradiation. The photothermally treated mice displayed complete destruction of the tumors without harmful side effects or recurrence of tumors over 6 months, while the tumors treated in other control groups were continuously grown until the death of the mice. Most of the injected SWNTs were almost completely excreted from mice bodies in about 2 months through biliary or urinary pathway. These results suggest that SWNTs may potentially serve as an effective photothermal agent and pave the way to future cancer therapeutics.

 

Indisponible

 

Long-term survival following a single treatment of kidney tumors with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and near-infrared radiation

Article

Jessica W. Fisher, Saugata Sarkar, Cara F. Buchanan, et al.

Journal Cancer Research Année 2010

 

Abstract

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibit physical properties that render them ideal candidates for application as noninvasive mediators of photothermal cancer ablation. Here, we demonstrate that use of MWCNTs to generate heat in response to near-infrared radiation (NIR) results in thermal destruction of kidney cancer in vitro and in vivo. We document the thermal effects of the therapy through magnetic resonance temperature-mapping and heat shock protein-reactive immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate that use of MWCNTs enables ablation of tumors with low laser powers (3 W/cm²) and very short treatment times (a single 30-sec treatment) with minimal local toxicity and no evident systemic toxicity. These treatment parameters resulted in complete ablation of tumors and a >3.5-month durable remission in 80% of mice treated with 100 μg of MWCNT. Use of MWCNTs with NIR may be effective in anticancer therapy.

Disponible  sur le Web: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/70/23/9855.full.pdf+html

 

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Application des NTCs en  photochimiothérapie (dite thérapie photo-dynamique)

 

Nanomaterials formulations for photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer

Article

Edakkattuparambil Sidharth Shibu, Morihiko Hamada, Norio Murase, Vasudevanpillai Biju,

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews

 

Abstract

 Nanomaterials with well-defined size, shape, composition, and surface functionalities offer multimodal and multifunctional platforms for various bioanalytical, bioimaging, and therapeutic applications. In this review, we focus on the different theranostic formulations of nanomaterials based on gold, silver, silica, semiconductor quantum dots, upconversion lanthanides, oxide magnets, polymers, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon nanohorns, and their applications in photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer.

Disponible à la bibliothèque de l’IMIST 

 

Photosensitizer-loaded dendrimer-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes for photodynamic therapy

 

Article

Peng Huang, Jing Lin, Dapeng Yang, Chunlei Zhang, Zhiming Li, Daxiang Cui,

Journal: Journal of Controlled Release

ISSN: 01683659 Année: 2011 

 

Abstract

Polyamidoamine dendrimer modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (dMNTs) have been explored as new vehicles to deliver the photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to tumor MGC-803 cells. Intense fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was monitored in the cytoplasm of MGC-803 cells. The nanocarriers possessed good biocompatibility and can significantly increase the accumulation of photosensitizer in tumor cells, leading to remarkable photodynamic anti-tumor effects.

Disponible à la bibliothèque de l’IMIST 

 

Nanodrug applications in photodynamic therapy

Article

Edyta Paszko, Carsten Ehrhardt, Mathias O. Senge, Dermot P. Kelleher, John V. Reynolds,

Journal: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

ISSN: 15721000 Année: 2011 

Abstract

Nanomaterials with well-defined size, shape, composition, and surface functionalities offer multimodal and multifunctional platforms for various bioanalytical, bioimaging, and therapeutic applications. In this review, we focus on the different theranostic formulations of nanomaterials based on gold, silver, silica, semiconductor quantum dots, upconversion lanthanides, oxide magnets, polymers, liposomes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon nanohorns, and their applications in photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer.

Disponible à la bibliothèque de l’IMIST 

 

 

Photodynamic effects of chlorin e6 attached to single wall carbon nanotubes through noncovalent interactions

Article

Hairong Xiao, Bangshang Zhu, Dali Wang, Yan Pang, Lin He, Xiaofei Ma, Ruibin Wang, Chengyu Jin, Yan Chen, Xinyuan Zhu,

Journal: Carbon 

ISSN: 00086223 Année: 2012

Abstract

Chlorin e6 (Ce6), a big heterocyclic aromatic molecule, is considered promising photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here an efficient nano-photosensitizer delivery system based on noncovalent interactions between Ce6 and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is proposed. By utilization of high surface area of SWCNTs, Ce6 was loaded on them with a high drug loading content by noncovalent p–p interactions. Then, the Ce6–SWCNT complexes were wrapped by chitosan to improve aqueous solubility and biocompatibility. The chemical characteristics of Ce6–SWCNTs and chitosan–Ce6–SWCNTs were evaluated by different analysis methods, including transmission electron microscopy, UV–Visible absorption spectra, and Fourier transform infrared spectra. The high cellular uptake of chitosan–Ce6–SWCNTs was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. According to the WST-1 assay, the chitosan–Ce6–SWCNTs exhibited low dark toxicity and efficient PDT efficacy to HeLa cancer cells. These results indicate that chitosan–Ce6–SWCNTs are a potential photosensitizer delivery system for PDT.

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Application des NTCs en thérapie génique

Chloroquine-enhanced gene delivery mediated by carbon nanotubes

Article

Vanesa Sanz, Carmen Tilmacîu, Brigitte Soula, Emmanuel Flahaut, Helen M. Coley, S. Ravi P. Silva, Johnjoe McFadden.

Journal: Carbon

 ISSN: 00086223 Année: 2011 

Abstract

Polyethyleneimine-coated double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) were used for dual gene and drug delivery, after loading the DWCNTs with the drug chloroquine, a lysosomotropic compound that is able to promote escape from the lysosomal compartment. Different forms of functionalization of the DWCNTs were examined in order to optimize this system. They included the testing of different treatments on DWCNTs to optimize the loading and delivery of chloroquine and the selection of a cationic polymer for coating the DWCNTs for optimum DNA binding and delivery. An acid oxidation treatment of DWCNTs was selected for optimum chloroquine loading together with polyethyleneimine as optimum cationic coating agent for plasmid DNA binding. Optimization of the conditions for choroquine-enhanced gene delivery were developed using luciferase expression as a model system. We have demonstrated that chloroquine-loading increases the ability of polyethyleneimine-coated DWCNTs to deliver functional nucleic acid to human cells. Cell viability tests have shown no cytotoxicity of the functionalized DWCNTs at the concentrations needed for optimum gene delivery. These results support the potential applications of this methodology in gene therapy.

 

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Improved GFP gene transfection mediated by polyamidoamine dendrimer-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with high biocompatibility

Article

Weiling Qin, Keqin Yang, Hao Tang, Liang Tan, Qingji Xie, Ming Ma, Youyu Zhang, Shouzhuo Yao,

Journal: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 

ISSN: 09277765 Année: 2011

Abstract

The multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-polyamidoamine (PAMAM) hybrid was prepared by covalent linkage approach, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectrometry. ThePAMAMdendrimers were present on the surface of MWCNTs in high density, and the MWCNT-PAMAM hybrid exhibited good dispersibility and stability in aqueous solution. The interaction between MWCNT-PAMAM with plasmid DNA of enhanced green fluorescence protein (pEGFP-N1), intracellular trafficking of the hybrid, transfection performance and cytotoxicity to HeLa cells were evaluated in detail. We found that the MWCNT-PAMAM hybrid possessed good pEGFP-N1 immobilization ability and could efficiently delivery GFP gene into cultured HeLa cells. The surface modification of MWCNTs with PAMAM improved the transfection efficiency 2.4 and 0.9 times, and simultaneously decreased cytotoxicity by about 38%, as compared with mixed acid-treated MWCNTs and pure PAMAM dendrimers. The MWCNT-PAMAM hybrid can be considered as a new carrier for the delivery of biomolecules into mammalian cells. Therefore, this novel system may have good potential applications in biology and therapy, including gene delivery systems.

 

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SiRNA delivery with functionalized carbon nanotubes

Article

Amir Khashayar Varkouhi, Stéphanie Foillard, Twan Lammers, Raymond M. Schiffelers, Eric Doris, Wim E. Hennink, Gert Storm,

Journal: International Journal of Pharmaceutics

 ISSN: 03785173 Année 2011

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been studied for drug, antigen and nucleic acid delivery both in vitro and in vivo. Due to their nano-needle structure, they are supposed to cross the plasma membrane and enter directly into the cytoplasm likely upon an endocytosis-independent mechanism without inducing cell death. In this study, two cationically functionalized CNTs (CNT-PEI and CNT-pyridinium) were investigated for siRNA delivery. Both functionalized CNTs complexed siRNA and showed 10–30% silencing activity and a cytotoxicity of 10–60%. However, in terms of reduced toxicity or increased silencing activity, CNT-PEI and CNT-pyridinium did not show an added value over PEI and other standard transfection systems. Probably, the type of functionalization of carbon nanotubes might be a key parameter to obtain an efficient and non-cytotoxic CNT-based delivery system. Nevertheless, in view of the present results and importantly also of the non-degradability of CNTs, preference should currently be given to designing biodegradable carriers which mimic the needle structure of CNTs.

 

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Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes enables efficient intracellular delivery of siRNA targeting MDM2 to inhibit breast cancer cells growth

 

Article

Hailong Chen, Xingyuan Ma, Zhi Li, Qiaoyun Shi, Wenyun Zheng, Yang Liu, Ping Wang,

Journal: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

 ISSN: 07533322 Année: 2012

Abstract

The delivery of DNA or RNA to cells represents the limiting step in the development of cancer gene therapy and RNA interference protocols. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are of interest as carriers of biologically active molecules because of their ability to cross cell membranes. In this study, we developed a novel strategy for chemical functionalization of SWNTs (f-SWCNTs) with DSPE-PEG-Amine to bind small interfering RNA (siRNA) by disulfide bonds applied to siRNA-mediated gene silencing in breast cancer cells. Results indicated the efficiency of f-SWNTs carrying siRNA reached 83.55%, and the new f-SWNTs-siRNA-MDM2 complexes were successfully introduced into the breast carcinoma B-Cap- 37 cells at a concentration of 100 nM in mediums, and caused proliferation inhibition of B-Cap-37 cells significantly. The proliferation inhibition ratio of B-Cap-37 cells was detected as 44.53% for 72 h, and the apoptosis ratio was measured as 30.45%. It was obvious that MDM2 can serve as a novel therapeutic target by an effective carrier system of DSPE-PEG-Amine-functionalized SWNTs, which would be very advanced and significant to therapy of breast cancer further.

 

Disponible à la bibliothèque de l’IMIST 

 

 

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Références générales

 

Safety of nanoparticles : from manufacturing to medical applications

 

Monographie

Auteur: Webster Thomas J.

Editeur : Springer

ISBN : 0387786074

Cote: 620.502 WEB

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Auteur: Endo, Morinobu.

Editeur : Pergamon

ISBN: 0080426824

Cote : 620.1 MOR

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Nanomaterials an introduction to synthesis, properties and applications

Monographie

Auteur: Vollath Dieter

Editeur : Wiley VCH

ISBN : 3527315314

Cote : 620.5 22

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Nanostructures and nanomaterials synthesis, properties & applications

Monographie

Auteur :  Cao Guozhong Z.

Editeur : Imperial College Press

ISBN : 1860944809

Cote : 620.5 CAO

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Monographie

Auteur : Chung Leland W. K.

Editeur : Springer

ISBN : 1588296962 

Cote: 616.994 63 CHU

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Nanotechnology in biology and medicine : methods, devices, and applications

Monographie

Auteur : Vo-Dinh, Tuan.

Editeur :CRC Press

ISBN : 0849329493

Cote : 610.28 VOD

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Abeloff's clinical oncology

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Auteur : MD, James O. Armitage

Editeur : Churchill Livingstone

ISBN : 0443066949

Cote : 616.994 ABE

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